Medium entrainment considered as flow

As per : en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitational_field
"In a field model, rather than two particles attracting each other, the particles distort spacetime via their mass, and this distortion is what is perceived and measured as a "force".

Now if we combine this with: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shapiro_delay
"The measured elapsed time of a light signal in a gravitational field is longer than it would be without the field, and for moderate strength near-static fields the difference is directly proportional to the classical gravitational potential, precisely as given by standard gravitational time dilation formulas."

Then we can logically deduct:
1. masses will be forced towards the direction of the lowest speed of light
2. the associated (gravitational) force is proportional with the difference in speed of light at the opposite sides of the mass

Therefore: "Local properties of light-carrying medium depend on strength of gravitational field"

Each mass has a gravitational force field[1], and a gravitational potential field. Mathematically, gravitational potential is a 1/r function and gravitational acceleration/force is a 1/r^2 function.

The first Wiki article does not say which of the two gravitational fields is being discussed, but leaves the impression it is about a force field. However, spacetime distortions are associated with the potential field. Like I said, it's a tricky situation.

In most discussions of GR the word field is used to refer to both (as above) without mentioning when a change happens. The EFEs (Einstein Field Equations) deal specifically with the potential field, not the force field, so almost every use of the word field is a reference to the potential field. People who work with GR on a daily basis get so used to thinking of gravitational effects as functions of the potential field that they stop mentioning it explicitly. Human nature.

All of the widely known and <u>experimentally demonstrated</u> secondary phenomena associated with gravitation (light bending, Shapiro delay, perihelion drift, clock slowing) are functions of the potential field. Another long sought but still elusive secondary (and therefore associated with the potential field) phenomenon is gravitational waves. We have built several fairly expensive machines to detect them, but so far without success. They are just too weak. Or maybe they don't actually exist?

But the one primary phenomenon associated with gravitation, mutual attraction, is not a function of the potential field. It is a function of the force (acceleration) field.

And changes in this field are not too small to detect. We have lots of devices that can measure changes in the force field.

So if we put all of this together, we can say that "Local properties of light-carrying medium depend on strength of gravitational POTENTIAL field".

With one exception. The gravitational force field is responsible for physically imposing the 1/r pressure gradient in the LCM, thus making the LCM the physical embodyment of the gravitational potential field.

We have experimentally and observationally measureable phenomena that depend on both fields. This is part of the physical evidence I mentioned earlier.

More later.

Regards,
LB

[1]
Actually, any isolated mass M produces an acceleration field rather than a force field.
No force is generated until another mass m is introduced. Then we can use the trusty old f = m * a, substituting the formula for a from above, to find the force between M and m.
But most physicists speak of a force field rather than an acceleration field because their end goal is usually to find the force on a second mass.

If we state that "the associated (gravitational) force is proportional with the difference in speed of light at the opposite sides of the mass":

a.- the speed of light is relative to 1/r
b.- the difference in speed of light is relative to 1/r^2

a. = the potential
b. = the force

"LCM is the physical embodyment of the gravitational potential field"
&gt; sounds logical

"Gravitational force field is responsible for physically imposing the 1/r pressure gradient in the LCM"
&gt; I would tend to reverse: "The gradient of the gravity potential field is responsible for the gravitational force"

I would like to simplify the assumptions by stating that there is only 1 medium that propagates light, holds the gravitational potential and forms the basis of every mass.

Properties:
- The particles interact with each other
- Particle velocity is proportional to the local speed of light
- The particle velocity gets reduced through the influence of masses
- Particles can be entrained through a mass that moves relative to the medium;
the level of entrainment is proportional to the wavelength of the mass.
(so more medium is more easily entrained by electrons than by protons)

The magnetic force is a direct result of the Bernouilli effect exercised through the LCM (a force pointing towards the direction of the stronger flow). A magnetic force vector is the mathematical representation of a medium that rotates around the vector axis. The direction of the vector indicates the direction in which the medium rotates around the vector axis.

When we translate the mathematical representation of an EM wave into the corresponding physical representation, then we end up with a series of spinning wheels. Every wheel has a diameter of half a wavelength. Subsequent wheels are spinning in opposite direction. The wheels move forward with the speed of light. See: www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays/View/1870

If we now apply this model of spinning wheels to the model of electrons that are part of an atom.
Take four consecutive spinning wheels and fold them around an atom (e.g. Helium with 2 protons and 2 neutrons).
If we look from the top, we observe:
- two pairs of spinning wheels
- every wheel within a pair spins in opposite direction relative to the opposite one
- the pairs are perpendicular to each other
- only one of the pairs contains the electrons (since the electrons repel each other)

If we add enough energy (through a photon with the right wavelength), then we can add pairs of wheels:
- adding a fraction of a wheel or a single wheel wouldnt create a stable configuration and is therefore not possible
- only when a pair is added, all the wheels will touch each other in a way that their circumferences move in the same direction.

When a pair is added (by adding the energy of a photon), then the mass of the Helium atom is increased with the mass of the extra pair of wheels (proportional to E=MC^2. When the Helium atom is accelerated, it will now need to carry the extra pair of wheels along with it.

The extra pair of wheels will now also start to increase the gravitational potential around the Helium atom.
Outside the context of a mass, the particles of the LCM have a high degree of entropy. Within the context of the mass, the particles have a lesser degree of entropy because they are forced to spin in a preferred perpendicular direction. As a consequence, the particles show a lesser degree of movement in a direction away from the atom. This in turn reduces the speed of the medium particles around the atom (and the associated gravitational potential).

I would assume that every mass is ultimately build up by the same elementary particles. The energy patterns that binds the medium particles is what ultimately differentiates the elementary particles (recognised as 'regular mass') from each other.

Gravity works at the level of the medium particles and their associated entropy and is therefore independent from the masses' in which these particles are contained. The masses' cannot shield gravity which is playing at the lower level of the medium particles.

Electromagnetic waves are the coordinated movements of medium particles and need room to travel through the light carrying medium. The coordinated movements are as such that there is no net displacement of particles. Therefore photons are observed to be without mass.
Photons that are absorbed by a mass 'collapse' the EM wave of the point of collision and transfer the total energy contained in the EM wave to the mass. This is when photons are observed to have particle properties.

Electromagnetic waves that travel through a magnetic field see their polarity rotated because a magnetic field is by definition is a rotation of the medium. (See Faraday rotation)

Electromagnetic waves that travel through an area with a higher gravity potential will slow down because the velocity of the medium particles is reduced.

EM waves can be shielded by ensuring their energy gets transferred.


To get back to the model for the Helium atom:

From a distance, the Helium atom is magnetically neutral because the magnetic fields induced by the opposite wheels cancel each other out. When getting closer to a wheel, the magnetic field induced by that wheel is felt because the opposite wheel is relatively at a further distance.

So what happens when two Helium atoms get close to each other? If the wheels containing the electrons get close, the atoms are repelled due the negative charges; but if one of the other wheels get close, then atoms can get magnetically connected to each other.

This is happening when Helium gets in a Superfluid state: the Helium atoms get tightly connected to each other, thereby forming a long string of connected atoms. This long string of tightly coupled He atoms (forming a sort of solid) explains the associated characteristics of the superfluid state such as: ability to flow through pores, the formation of vortex lines, the high heat conductivity, the high sound velocity and the zero entropy.

Looking at the properties of the superfluid state, it looks 'logical' to assume that the atoms are tightly connected but it doesn't look like there is a physical model in place to explain this connection.

Bart,

We know that EM energy physically propagates through space. And we can measure to high precision the speed of that propagation.

But what about gravitational energy? We have no idea what its propagation speed is. In fact, we do not even know if it propagates.
<ul>
GR does not have an intrinsic speed limit. But it inherits a speed limit from SR. That speed limit and the belief that time is some sort of physical thing that is physically altered by other physical things (speed) means that nothing, including gravitational energy, can propagate faster than light.

But if it does propagate as slowly as light, then our solar system would fall apart in a few thousand years. This is basic celestial mechanics. We calculate the gravitational influence of all mass in the Sol system on each mass by assuming that gravitational force acts instantly between each pair of masses. Run all the calculations for all the orbits, using this assumption, and the calculated orbits match the observed orbits to within the error bars of our ability to measure the orbits.

If you change that assumption by explicitly introducing a non-infinite propagation speed into the equations, and run the calculations, you predict orbits that are different from those we observe. In particular, suppose you assume that gravitational force propagates at the speed of light. This changes all the orbits from ellipses to outward spirals. The radius of Earth's orbit, for example, would double in about 1200 years.

The orbits of balloon satellites work like this. The force caused by the pressure of light is large enough relative to their tiny mass to cause observable acceleration. If the conditions are right, normally elliptical orbits become spirals. The equations we use to analyze them must have an explicit speed of propagation term for this force in order for them to predict the same orbits we observe.
</ul>
GR solves this delima by declaring that gravitational force does not propagate. It is just there. Since it is just there, and nothing needs to propagate, the issue of propagation speed does not arise. No propagation/always there is the mathematical equivalent of infinite propagation speed.
<ul>
GR could also solve this delima by using LR as its base theory of relativity rather than SR. Since LR does not have a speed limit, GR would also not have a speed limit. Then the EFEs could be physically interpreted as a description of the LCM/gravitational potential field. And the GR equations of motion could be physically interpreted as a description of the graviton medium/gravitational force field.

In fact, if you start with a physical model that uses separate media for EM energy and gravitational energy, and analyze the mathematical consequences, you end up with equations that are almost identical to the GR equations.
</ul>
So, on the one hand <u>EM energy</u> must propagate. And it must propagate at a specific speed. A physical wave or a physical particle with very specific properties is required.

But on the other hand <u>gravitational energy</u> either
<ul>
<li>Does not propagate (GR)</li>
or
<li>Propagates at a speed different than EM energy. (DRP)</li>
</ul>
Either way, this suggests a physical wave or physical particle with properties that are different from those associated with EM energy.

It seems counter productive to pursue a one-medium-model, give this information. But perhaps you can adjust your model to show how one medium can do two very different things? BTW, I mean adjust it in the physical sense not the mathematical sense.

===

GR is a great theory, mathematically. It provides us with stunningly accurate descriptions and predictions of the world around us. It would be foolish to get rid of it (without damn good reasons).

But it has some serious problems on the physical side, and stumbles around a lot as it tries to explain the physical basis for those equations. (If you start with a good physical explanation and THEN do the indicated math, this does not happen.) Any candidate for replacing GR's current physical "explanations" will need to be able to handle the two different propagation speeds with natural grace, or it will go no where.

A Ptolemaic style "wheels" model can probably be made to work mathematically, but physically it seems a waste. Ever seen a naturally occuring wheel? You will need axles and frames as well. Even in the world of biology where bizzare is the new normal[1], wheel-like structures are almost unheard of. Until you move up the food chain to intelligence.

LB

[1]
Not actualy a wheel (no known examples) - more like a propellor.

Some bacteria have parts known as flagella. These are corkscrew like devices that protrude through cell's outer membrane. Inside the cell it is attached to an electric motor that turns the screw.

Yes, I'm serious. The "motor" works by proton exchange rather than electron exchange.

On the topic of propagation of gravitational energy.

Masses only respond to local differences in gravitational potential which in turn is differences in speed of the medium particles around the mass. In other words: masses do NOT respond directly to gravity emitted by distant masses.

Considering the Solar System (but excluding the effect of planets):
the gravitational potential is the same for every point at the same distance from the Sun.
at the same distance from the Sun, the medium particles have the same velocity (bouncing with each other).
So from the perspective of any mass, the medium particles in the exact direction of the Sun will be the slowest.

Where it concerns the Sun, the gravitational potential is not dependent on the propagation speed.

Planets are therefore subject to a gravitational force pointing exactly to the Sun and not change their elliptic orbit into a spiral.

The alteration of the orbit of balloon satellites caused by the pressure of light is a different effect.
Light hits the balloon satellites with a REAL (and not apparent) aberration angle which causes the assymetry.

But where it concerns the gravitational potential induced by planets, the propagation speed does matter.
If gravity would not propagate, then the position of the Sun would not continuously change with the relative position of the planets.
On the other hand, we would indeed need to expect an asymetry induced through the gravitational force of other planets.

The propagation of gravity is the 'resetling' of the medium particles.
A way to compare would be with how temperature spreads through a metal plate.
If we heat the metal plate at the middle, then the 'vibrations' of the metal atoms will spread themselves.
If we move the heat source at the middle of the plate, then we will observe the area of 'vibrations' to move accordingly.

A more significant problem with the particle medium model is that one would expect the effect of 'drag' on the planets when they move through the medium. This drag would cause the planets to slow down. Even if planets with entrain the surrounding medium, the surrounding medium would in turn be suject to drag. This is how I came to the conclusion that the medium must be rotating around the Sun with the same speed as the planets. At the edges of the Solar System, the objects leaving the Solar System will become subject to drag and will slow them down as a consequence of which they move back towards the Sun. The Kuiper belt is where these objects seem to gather ... (so 'belt' in the two meanings of the word)

The wheels are 'vortices' within a medium that has no friction ...