The entropy of systems

I found two more examples which could be resulting from non-equilibrium systems (entropy increasing systems):

The motion of galaxies (or the clustering of galaxies):
www2.ifa.hawaii.edu/newsletters/article.cfm?a=259&n=23

The increasing activity of the sun:
www.physorg.com/news78498828.html

I will attempt to redefine the term "inertia" for accelerating systems (non-equilibrium systems):

First, the traditional definition: The inertia of a body is a measure of its energy content. The inertial mass of a body changes depending whether it emits or absorbs energy.
(This definition implies a body at rest with no acceleration.)

In non-equilibrium systems, acceleration is always present.
For the total amount of energy to remain the same in such a system, there has to be energy transfer from the atom to the environment.
The energy content of a body varies with acceleration.
(for example: For natural systems, a body moving at approximately the speed of light is more energy than matter.)

Acceleration also implies a distance travelled with time.
Therefore the definition could also be:

-Inertia is that property of matter which is inferred to it by its position in a system. Since acceleration is present, then its inertia also varies with time.

This theory implies: If a force is applied to a body beyond its yield strength, this part will deform or break where <b>maximum acceleration occurs</b> (max. G’s). At this critical moment in time the atoms in this location incur a sudden potential or entropy change by releasing energy.

In non-equilibrium systems a force F is possible only if potential energy is available. F=ma if E=ma when “a” is small. When “a” approaches the speed of light, then E=m.
(Example: at center of galaxies m=E).

To verify:

1. Stars of comparable size have more potential energy at the outskirts of the galaxy than its center.

2. Compare satellite flyby anomalies during solar max. or solar min. (or simply with passing time)

3. Compare planetary orbital dynamics of solar systems at the edge of the galaxy with those closer to the center.

4. Cellular mutations due to entropy increase with time.

5. Earth’s rotation caused by accelerating atoms near its center.



The MOND (Modified Newtonian Dynamics) and more recently the MOG (Modified Gravity Theory) are one step closer to the Non-Equilibrium -entropy increasing theory. The MOND theory uses a “modified acceleration law” to do away with dark energy and dark matter to explain the rotational velocity of stars in our galaxy.


In short the MOND theory proposes to modify Newton’s equation: instead of F=ma, the equation is modified to be F=mµ(a/a0)a, where µ(x) is a function that for a given variable x gives 1 if x is much larger than 1 ( x&gt;&gt;1 ) and gives x if x is much smaller than 1 ( x&lt;&lt;1 ). <b>The term a0 is a new constant, the same as “c” (the speed of light) is a constant, except that a0 is an acceleration compared to “c” which is a speed.</b>

[GD] "When “a” approaches the speed of light ... "

Acceleration can never approach the speed of light. Or any other speed for that matter.

LB

When the acceleration of a (natural) body...

See how a body can be accelerated when it gets too close to the center of the galaxy:
www.physorg.com/news2985.html
I suspect the MilkyWay's central black hole "robbed" some energy in the process.

Here is more on how matter is converted into energy:
chandra.harvard.edu/press/04_releases/press_010504.html

Regards

More of the puzzle falling into place. Please see " conclusion & significance":

www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1142194